Managing Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Overseeing Finance - Essay Example All costs engaged with the production of merchandise should be caught by the costing framework received by an organization. The technique for such expense catching relies upon the manufacturer’s business, and the type(s) of items made. The two significant strategies for costing are (a) Process Costing, and (b) Job Costing (Martin, 2009?). Procedure costing is the typical technique for catching the expense in most assembling ventures particularly when the items are delivered in huge numbers utilizing a grouping of dreary activities. Commonly, the items are normally indistinguishable and can not be isolated. Under this technique, the expense of item is known toward the finish of a specific assembling activity. The expense of each procedure (or division) is caught utilizing one of the costing methods. The immediate cost owing to the item is determined by division, and roundabout expenses are assigned to the items. Businesses ordinarily incorporate materials, coal, cigarettes, shoes, gas, steel, glass, vehicles, gas, water, power, and so forth. Employment costing is utilized for ventures where assembling happens against a particular request. This strategy is valuable for following the expenses of one of a kind items, which are generally produced to a particular request. In this costing procedure, costs are gathered by occupations, parcels, or clumps. Enterprises that utilization this costing strategy incorporate shipbuilding, development ventures, enormous agreements, work printing, and so on. Retention costing is otherwise called Full Costing. Under this framework, all immediate assembling expenses, and all assembling overheads (counting fixed and variable overheads) are designated to the items. This costing idea is suggested for outer announcing according to Accounting Standards Committee (SSAP 9). The restriction of this framework is that the item expenses can not be utilized for interior dynamic as they would tend to

JUDICIARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal executive - Essay Example This is the law based standard revered in the Constitution, the standard of law to forestall the oppression and furthermore keep up peace. To accomplish this end, the three establishments of an equity framework are the police for the implementation work, the criminal equity framework for court preliminaries, lastly, the redresses or the jail framework to imprison and restore those sentenced for wrongdoings against society. Individuals from the criminal equity framework, for example, the investigators, barrier lawyers, and judges or judges should consistently actualize and decipher the law with integrity, reasonableness, equity, uniformity, and solidarity in the quest for human rights assurance for all, activity their capacity without dread or favor. All the said individuals must act in a moral way consistently, liberated from any debasement, and not affected by any thought aside from ethics B. Conversation The legal executive plays out its capacities with the most extreme reasonablen ess and uniformity; how judges must actualize or decipher the law with no impact or weight from anyone, so residents will have confidence and trust in their equity framework, as their incomparable defender against abuse by influential people or compelling weight gatherings. Be that as it may, it is likewise confronted with various issues or issues it must address so it can do its order sufficiently. 1. Legal morals †individuals from the legal executive are brought to a better quality than others, they being relied upon to maintain the law consistently so individuals will likewise regard the law. The establishment of law depends on the legitimacy of common morals inside pluralism (Cortina, 2000). a. Serious vow †this is a suggestion to consistently adhere to the best way to live, notwithstanding enticements en route in execution of obligations. Debasement has been a bane, since individuals will in general take hush-money or different contemplations of significant worth (Mon tinola and Jackman, 2002). b. Authorizations †the legal executive doesn't take excessively compassionate to its blundering individuals and forces an assortment of measures, for example, fines, suspensions, disbarment, and even detainment. c. Set of accepted rules †individuals from the legal executive must be cautious in their activities consistently, to maintain the uprightness and autonomy of the legal part of government. Norms are contained in the legal groups gave by the Supreme Court, to incorporate such issues as the evasion of any inappropriateness, or even only the minor appearance of inappropriateness, and to keep away from any divided political movement whatsoever occasions, for example, battling for a specific gathering or up-and-comer. It is a corresponding branch and should practice its autonomy consistently (Fox and Stephenson, 2011). 2. Why individuals carry out violations †there will consistently be degenerates in any general public. Why these individua ls carry out wrongdoings in spite of the assurance of discipline made sociologists offer their speculations. a. Anomie hypothesis †this was presented by prominent French humanist Emile Durkheim, in his book The Division of Labor in Society distributed in 1893, which clarifies the cutting edge marvel of aberrance, coming about because of sentiments of insufficiency and uncertainty, originating from the industrialization of society, causing normlessness from loss of qualities and conventions (Franzese, 2009); anomie sees lawbreakers as casualties of society, unfit to adapt, and not as unimportant freaks. b. Strain hypothesis â€

Professional Business Plan Example

Professional Business Plan Example Professional Business Plan â€" Essay Example > Hotel Entertainment Centre for PetsIntroductionPets have become a part of man social life. Apart from enriching the environment by providing scenic beauty that tourists enjoy, pets play an important role in providing companionship in the lives of human beings in this current era. Dogs, cats, snakes, tortoise, and beautiful gold fish among others, have been used in various situations as pets. The business plan in this case will narrow down to common pets that are kept by majority of people. In this regard, Cats and dogs will be the most appropriate pets that will be referred to throughout this business plan. Various economic assumptions will be used to describe the business environment within which this enterprise will exist. Market NeedsPets have majorly been neglected to animal activists and health specialists who provide the important health services that are needed for the survival of these pets. Most owners of pets do not treat the right owing to the busy schedule of modern d ay bustle and the congestion in urban life. Due to lack of time and increased pressures in life, pet owners allocate very little time for their pets. With most entertainment joints concentrating on adults and children, pets are left to wallow in the boredom of drudgery life. People who sometime pay little attention to their pets will often want the same pets to accompany them to social gathering where the pets are not provided with any form of entertainment to cheers them up. Many people treat pets in a cold way for absence of a variety of services they can offer to them apart from feeding, cleaning and according them treatment in case of an infection. Therefore, if there is an entertainment hotel and centre for pets, pet owners will have an opportunity of giving a treat to their pets for their cordial companionship. Absence of entertainment joints for pets makes pet owners to confine pets or leave them secluded at home for lack of a good place to walk them, or owing to tight sche dules for work. Consequently hotel and entertainment center for pets will provide a place where different pets (dogs and cats), will come to have fun in the company of their owners! The owners will have a chance to interact with other and learn the challenges that come with keeping some types of pets. Evaluation the market needs for pets shows that boredom and secluded lives leads to unhappy pets that make terrible companionship. The congestion in major cities that has been brought about by population upsurge makes it tricky for pet owners to attend fully to their pets just with their home (Pinson, 2004). A hotel and entertainment center for pets will offer a variety of services and goods that will be very necessary for pet owners. Pollutions in major cities of the world make it hard to find safe places where pet owners can walk their pets. Therefore, a hotel and centre for pets will be a good opportunity as a business venture in this era.

Income Taxation Solutions Manual 1 - 300300 Words

COMPREHENSIVE CASE SOLUTIONS – CHAPTERS 12 - 21 NOTE: The cases related to these solutions are posted on our website www.mcgrawhill.ca/olc/buckwold. They are not printed in the text. Solution to COMPREHENSIVE CASE ONE Seacourt Restaurants All of the issues in this case have been examined in depth in problems and cases of previous chapters and therefore the following solution briefly refers to the main issues of each segment. Where applicable, tax rates are assumed to be: Individual Corporation - dividends (eligible) - dividends (ineligible) - other income - SBD income - ABI over $500,000 - investment income 28% 33% 45% 15% 25% 44 2/3% (38 + 6 2/3) Incorporation of Proprietorship The primary benefit of incorporation is the ability to†¦show more content†¦This still leaves the old corporation with a value equal to $1,140,000 plus the value of the other assets substituted for the property transferred out. While certain steps could be taken to perhaps alleviate this problem, they are rather complex and beyond the scope of this question (see section 55). However, by tracing the process of moving out the land and building, the student will see the roadblocks that appear. A much simpler approach is to transfer the business assets (inventory, equipment and goodwill) to a separate entity (new corporation or partnership) that is owned by the existing corporation and Spud. Whether the new entity is a corporation or partnership, the transfer of the business assets to it will automatically be at fair market value unless an elected amount is chosen for tax purposes. As Court will continue to own 80% of the business, it is unlikely that he would be prepared to incur a tax liability on the full value. Therefore, the election option is recommended. As Spud has no money to contribute to the new entity, one possibility is the following: A new corporation is organized by issuing 80% the of common shares to the Courts existing corporation and 20% to Spud in exchange for a nominal contribution of capital (say $8 for Court and $2 for Spud). The new corporation buys the business assets for $1,140,000 (using the elected values for tax purposes) and pays Courts corporation with the required combination of debt and preferredShow MoreRelatedThis Is Solution to Chapter Problems and Key Concept Questions13492 Words   |  54 PagesBuckwold and Kitunen, Canadian Income Taxation, 2010-2011 Ed. CHAPTER 10 INDIVIDUALS: DETERMINATION OF TAXABLE INCOME AND TAXES PAYABLE Review Questions 1. Briefly explain the difference, for individuals, between net income for tax purposes and taxable income. 2. Explain the difference between an allowable capital loss and a net capital loss. 3. Describe the tax treatment of net capital losses. 4. Explain how a non-capital loss is created and how it is treated for taxRead MoreEbooks Solution Manuals and Test Banks for Text Books19223 Words   |  77 Pagesregarding Solutions and Test Bank for courses. We hope that you people will like our service and get better grades. Please Contact us @ :    solvedanswers@gmail.com   solvedanswers@gmail.com Use CTRL + F to search the titles you looking for , if the title you searching is not in the list, do not worry, send us an email at solvedanswers@gmail.com and we shall try to provide you requested data.   =============================================================== Jr. 12 Solution Manual  ¡ArribaRead MoreA Discussion on the Badges of Trade1433 Words   |  6 Pagespresence or absence of common features or characteristics of trade. Examples include the nature of the subject matter being exchanged, the length of ownership, and the reason for the transaction.The report of the Royal Commission on the Taxation of Profits and Income in 1955 reviewed that case law and identified six badges . However we will discuss only three of the six badges. Supplementary work on or in connection with the property realized Firstly we’ll discuss Supplementary work on orRead MoreChapter 1 Understanding and Working with the Federal Tax Law Solutions to Problem Materials6022 Words   |  25 PagesCHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING AND WORKING WITH THE FEDERAL TAX LAW SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM MATERIALS Question/ Problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Learning Objective LO 1 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 3 Topic Revenue neutrality Controlling the economy Encouraging industries Research and development expenditures Social considerations Earned income credit CharitableRead MoreAccounting Software For A Business Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagesimplement a total business solution which supports major functionalities of a business. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software is designed to meet this need, and has been widely adopted by organizations in developed countries. Meanwhile, ERP is beginning to appear in many organizations of developing countries†. In Australia small and medium enterprises does not comply with the accounting principles because they have no legal obligation to do so, but they must comply with taxation provisions. The researchRead MoreSyllabus: Business Communication and Report Writing2672 Words   |  11 Pages |100 |4 | | |Computer and Information Technology |100 |4 | | |Taxation in Bangladesh |100 |4 | | |Business Statistics (In English) |100Read Moreintermediate accounting 2 test bank Essay8318 Words   |  34 PagesIntermediate Accounting Kieso 15th Edition Test Bank Click here to download the solutions manual / test bank INSTANTLY!!! http://www.solutionsmanualtestbanks.com/2013/05/intermediate-acc ounting-kieso-15th-edition-test-bank.html Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Accounting Accounting Accounting Accounting Kieso Kieso Kieso Kieso 15th Edition Test Bank 15th Edition Test Bank Weygandt Warfield 15th Edition Test Bank Weygandt Warfield 15th Edition Test Bank Read MoreNew York State Department Of Taxation And Finance1919 Words   |  8 Pagesgovernments. The revenue collected from taxes goes up to $1 billion annually [1], but the amount was still low and the process of collection in Department of Taxation and Finance (DTF) needed improvements. The DTF of New York State worked with IBM to use prescriptive analytics in the development of a more effective approach to tax collection. The system optimizes the collection procedures of agents with appreciation to maximizing long-term incomes, while taking into account the complex dependencies amongRead Moreglobal investor Essay2396 Words   |  10 PagesBusiness University of Southern California Global Investors, Inc. Teaching Note Purpose of Case This case was written to illustrate a transfer pricing problem in a service setting, here an investment management company. The issues and solutions are not as obvious as in a manufacturing setting where one division produces parts that are transferred to another division for further processing. The case is a disguised version of a real conflict in which emotions were running high. The caseRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 Pagesany solution manual, testbank for testbooks from the list, do contact us anytime, we provide competitive prices and fast delivery after payment done. Contact us: smtbportal@gmail.com smtbportal(at)gmail(dot)com 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Solution Manual 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Test Bank 2010 Federal Taxation with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Solution Manual 2010

Legal discrimination against the LGBT community - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 982 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/28 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay LGBT Essay Did you like this example? Before I get too far I want to talk about the LGBT acronym. Lgbt is the more commonly used term but the official term is actually LGBTIQCAPGNGFNBA this stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, Queer, Curious, Asexual, Pansexual, Gender-non-conforming, Gender-Fluid, Non-binary, and Androgynous. I believe that equality is being able to be who you are without the fear of judgment or persecution (as long as you are not causing anyone else any harm). People should not have to worry about getting jumped because of their race, gender, and/or sexuality. I believe that everyone has the right to representation in the government, free good quality education. I believe that everyone has the right to a voice to speak out for what they believe in. I believe that every person of every country is entitled to basic human rights and protections. But sadly the lgbt+ community has been the target of hatred and violence for hundreds of years. They have been killed and tortured for just being who they are. For this project I have decided to focus on the legal side of the lgbt+ discrimination, starting with colonial America all the way to modern day. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Legal discrimination against the LGBT community" essay for you Create order In 1624 Richard Cornish, an English ship captain was hung for an alleged homosexual act with an indentured servant, William Couse. the act in question was actually a rape, now most of the time they would handle a â€Å"straight† rape very differently, most times there would be fines and public wipings for both parties, sometimes the attacker would be forced to leave the colony, and the most shocking thing is that if the victim was not married they would often be encouraged to marry their attacker. Although this is sodomy and the punishments for where often way more dramatic than some other crimes, and in 1636 in Massachusetts, Reverend John Cotton, the preeminent minister and theologian of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Proposed to include â€Å"sexual relations between women† into the definition of sodomy for the first time, and if you do not know what sodomy is, sodomy is sexual intercourse involving anal or oral. Only is 1777 Thomas Jefferson revised Virginia law to m ake the punishment of sodomy mutilation (cutting off or injuring a body part of a person so that the part of the body is permanently damaged, detached or disfigured) rather than execution. From around 1880-1920 America experienced an influx of immigrants trying to come to America, by 1920 4 million immigrants had entered the united states. Buring this time the government put in laws to help control the number of people in the USA, such as in 1917 lawmaker put into effect a ban that prevented persons with abnormal sexual instincts from coming into the United States. In 1947 under President Trumans national security loyalty program, the state department started firing suspected homosexuals. By 1955 anti-gay â€Å"witch hunts† caused more then 1200 people to lose their jobs with the federal government, going along with this president Eisenhower issued executive order #10450, this order authorized broad categories of American citizens identified as â€Å"threats† to national security–including those with criminal records, alcoholics, and â€Å"sex perverts†Ã¢â‚¬â€œto be excluded or terminated from federal employment. Latter many states and local government adopted similar policies. Only in 1995 did President Bill Clinton sign an executive order forbidding the denial of security clearances on the basis of sexual orientation. However, Being closeted and vulnerable to blackmail was still a possible grounds for a clearance denial. With the first March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, in 1979, over 100,000 people joined the protest. The march nationalizes the gay movement, which had been more focused on local struggles in the past. With the closing section of the welcome program of the march, authored by Allen Young, you can really feel the vide of the whole march. Today in the capital of America, we are all here, the most liberated and the slightly repressed; the butch, the femme and everything in-between; the androgynous; the monogamous and the promiscuous; the masturbators and the fellators and the tribadists; men in dresses and women in neckties; those who bite and those who cuddle; celebates[sic] and pederasts; diesel-dykes and nelly queens; Amazons and size queens, Yellow, Black, Brown, White, and Red; the shorthaired and the long, the fat and the thin; the nude and the prude; the beauties and the beasts; the studs and the duds; the communes, the couples, and the singles; pubescents and the octog enarians. Yes, we are all here! We are everywhere! Welcome to the March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights! on June 26, 2015, in a 5-4 decision the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all state bans on same-sex marriage and on recognizing same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions are unconstitutional under the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Equal marriage is something that LGBT+ citizens have been fighting for since the ’70s. There are lots of groups looking to help fight for gaining lgbt+ rights in America such as a group called Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders (GLAD). GLAD’s main focus is to abolish outdated laws and stereotypes that denied LGBT+ people basic protections and opportunities of daily life, one of the cases that they participated in is Good v. Iowa Department of Human Services. Iowa’s Medicaid program provides coverage for medically essential care for an extensive variety of medical conditions. However, Iowa denies transgender humans Medicaid coverage for a gender-affirming surgical operation to treat gender dysphoria, a medical situation only experienced by human beings who are transgender, even though Medicaid coverage is provided for the same surgical procedures for other medical conditions. This discriminatory ban on coverage has no basis in medical science and has been uniformly condemned through leading clinical organizations. The case challenged the ban as a viol ation of the Iowa Civil Rights Act (â€Å"ICRA†) and the Iowa Constitution’s equality guarantees. Sadly the case was dismissed.

Caesar Augustus Essay Free Essays

AP World HistoryMilo Romney Caesar Augustus10/27/12 What happens when a man tries to take over a republic? Well most of the time that man gets stabbed several times by his friends and colleagues. This is at least what happened to the famous Julius Caesar. Later on his adopted son Octavian would try the same thing; however, he used very different tactics that led to a much happier ending, transforming Rome into a very strong and influential empire. We will write a custom essay sample on Caesar Augustus Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was the mid-1st century B. C. E. , Rome was ever-growing and the republic that once ran very smoothly was encountering many problems within itself. Wealthy land owners or patricians were gaining too much power and land and since Roman law read that only land owners could serve in the military much of the military power was reduced. Some people tried to change this, for example Tiberius, but his ideas were seen as controversial and he was assassinated in 133 B. C. E. One man named General Marius instituted a law stating that men didn’t have to own land to serve in the military. Soldiers still wanted land in return for their service though, and the general gave them land but this made soldiers more loyal to army officials rather than to the senate. After Marius retired Rome experienced a brief time of peace only to be broken by the Social War. The Social War was caused by the revolting of lower class Italians that were not entitled to full-citizenship and voting rights. This caused General Marius to come back. He ended the war and seized power of Rome. Marius died of old age and Rome started to become restless. In all of the turmoil there arose a powerful politician, Julius Caesar. Caesar created the First Triumvirate (three men) consisting of Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey (also known as Magnus). The Triumvirate really only made these men more powerful though and really didn’t help Rome overall. The Triumvirate disappeared when Crassus died and Caesar and Pompey started to fight. Caesar invaded Rome in 49 B. C. E. and became a dictator there. Then later Pompey was murdered in Egypt in 48 B. C. E. Julius increased the senate from 600 to 900 members to give himself more supporters. In five years Caesar held many powerful offices and almost succeeded in transforming Rome into an empire but was assassinated on the Ides of March in 44 B. C. E. Many wars took place after the assassination of Julius Caesar. His adopted son, Octavian, and his friend both formed the Second Triumvirate and defeated Caesars assassins in the Battle of Philippi. Many senators were killed during this time and it was not a good time for the republic. Eventually the Second Triumvirate dissipated and Octavian and Mark Antony turned on one another. Mark Antony married Cleopatra of Egypt and they committed suicide when Octavian invaded Egypt. Octavian became Augustus (exalted one) and now unofficially ruled Rome. Augustus knew that in order to successfully transform Rome into an empire he had to succeed where his father hadn’t. He supported the arts and technology. He rebuilt temples and created road systems. He pleased his people with holidays and special events. Augustus would even give free bread and wine to all of Rome’s citizens. The senate just had to sit and watch as Caesar Augustus became the total dictator of Rome. Literature grew exceedingly during this time. Under Augustus’ rule Rome entered the Pax Romana, the peaceful and golden age of Rome. So in the end Augustus obviously succeeded in the areas where Julius didn’t. Julius didn’t utilize his resources as well and didn’t realize that he needed to take away the senate’s power not enhance it. Augustus extended Rome to a great power and eventually fully ended the once-renowned republic. In a completely unnecessary comparison this story totally reminded me of the movie Star Wars, the fall of the republic and the birth of an empire. Anyways in conclusion, Augustus transformed Rome into an empire by gaining the loyalty of the citizens and soldiers while the senate lost its power. This man was so dominant that he even named the month of August after himself! Not many could have accomplished what Caesar Augustus did and many still marvel at his feats to this day. How to cite Caesar Augustus Essay, Essay examples

Capital Budgeting Decision Of Equator Ltd

Questions: 1.Calculate the NPV, Non-Discounted Payback, and the IRR of Plant A and Plant B. Interpret your results. (If relevant, state any assumptions you have made.)2.Describe and Analyse 4 keys risks associated with the Project you recommend (Project A or B). 3.Briefly define an Efficient Capital Market. To what extent is Equators ability to borrow funds in the Capital Market dependent upon the Capital Market Operating in an Efficient Manner? Answers: 1.Equator Ltd, an Australian manufacturer of laptop computers, is considering expanding its Australian operation into producing tablet computers. For this expansion the CFO has two options. The first option, Plant A, is a highly automated process that involves significant capital outlays but has lower running costs. Plant B is a more labour intensive facility that has lower initial capital outlays but higher running costs. Plant A and Plant B are mutually exclusive projects. A capital budgeting analysis of both the options was carried out to decide which project the company must choose to manufacture the tablet computers. The incremental cash flow for both the projects is presented below: PLANT A Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sales Units 155000 163525 172518.875 182007.4131 192017.8208 202578.801 Selling price $320.0 $331.2 $342.8 $354.8 $367.2 $380.1 Revenue $4,96,00,000.0 $5,41,59,480.0 $5,91,38,090.2 $6,45,74,359.1 $7,05,10,357.1 $7,69,92,021.7 Cash operating expenses: Variable cost $33,79,000.0 $35,64,845.0 $37,60,911.5 $39,67,761.6 $41,85,988.5 $44,16,217.9 Labour costs $22,01,000.0 $23,22,055.0 $24,49,768.0 $25,84,505.3 $27,26,653.1 $28,76,619.0 Fixed costs $6,00,000.0 $6,00,000.0 $6,00,000.0 $6,00,000.0 $6,00,000.0 $6,00,000.0 Sales and marketing exp. $19,00,000.0 $19,66,500.0 $20,35,327.5 $21,06,564.0 $21,80,293.7 $22,56,604.0 Total cash operating expenses $80,80,000.0 $84,53,400.0 $88,46,007.0 $92,58,830.8 $96,92,935.3 $1,01,49,440.8 Depreciation $29,20,083.3 $29,20,083.3 $29,20,083.3 $29,20,083.3 $29,20,083.3 $29,20,083.3 Total operating expenses $1,10,00,083.3 $1,13,73,483.3 $1,17,66,090.3 $1,21,78,914.2 $1,26,13,018.6 $1,30,69,524.1 Operating income before taxes $3,85,99,916.7 $4,27,85,996.7 $4,73,71,999.9 $5,23,95,445.0 $5,78,97,338.5 $6,39,22,497.5 Tax @30% $1,15,79,975.0 $1,28,35,799.0 $1,42,11,600.0 $1,57,18,633.5 $1,73,69,201.6 $1,91,76,749.3 Operating income after taxes $2,70,19,941.7 $2,99,50,197.7 $3,31,60,399.9 $3,66,76,811.5 $4,05,28,137.0 $4,47,45,748.3 After tax operating cash flow $2,99,40,025.0 $3,28,70,281.0 $3,60,80,483.2 $3,95,96,894.8 $4,34,48,220.3 $4,76,65,831.6 Terminal year after tax non operating cash flow After tax salvage value $86,29,500 Return of net working capital $35,00,000 Initial investment -$12,65,00,000 Total after tax cas flow -$12,65,00,000 $2,99,40,025.0 $3,28,70,281.0 $3,60,80,483.2 $3,95,96,894.8 $4,34,48,220.3 $5,97,95,331.61 Discount at 13.35% $1.0 $0.882 $0.778 $0.687 $0.606 $0.534 $0.471 Present value of cash flows -$12,65,00,000.0 $2,64,13,784.7 $2,55,83,524.1 $2,47,74,663.9 $2,39,86,950.1 $2,32,20,115.2 $2,81,92,794.9 NPV = sum of present value of all cash flows = $25,671,833 IRR = 20% (using the excel formula) Payback period Year Amount Cumulative value 0 -$12,65,00,000.0 -$12,65,00,000.0 1 $2,99,40,025.0 -$9,65,59,975.0 2 $3,28,70,281.0 -$6,36,89,694.0 3 $3,60,80,483.2 -$2,76,09,210.8 4 $3,95,96,894.8 $1,19,87,684.1 5 $4,34,48,220.3 $5,54,35,904.4 6 $5,97,95,331.6 $11,52,31,236.0 Payback period = 3+(-$2,76,09,210.8 / $3,95,96,894.8) = 3.7 years Working Notes 1. Initial Investment Land $1,16,50,000 Building $8,20,00,000 Machinery $2,61,50,000 Furnishing fittings $32,00,000 Increase in working capital $35,00,000 $12,65,00,000 2. Terminal value Salvage value $86,29,500 Book value $86,29,500 Profit on sale $0 Terminal value $86,29,500 Depreciation Machinery $2,61,50,000 Salvage value 33% $86,29,500 Depreciable value $1,75,20,500 Depreciation $29,20,083.33 The incremental cash flow for project B is presented below: Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Sales Units 95000 100225 105737.375 111552.9306 117688.3418 Selling price $440.0 $455.4 $471.3 $487.8 $504.9 Revenue $4,18,00,000.0 $4,56,42,465.0 $4,98,38,148.6 $5,44,19,520.4 $5,94,22,034.8 Cash operating expenses: Variable cost $34,01,000.0 $35,88,055.0 $37,85,398.0 $39,93,594.9 $42,13,242.6 Labour costs $23,75,000.0 $25,05,625.0 $26,43,434.4 $27,88,823.3 $29,42,208.5 Fixed costs $8,00,000.0 $8,00,000.0 $8,00,000.0 $8,00,000.0 $8,00,000.0 Sales and marketing exp. $28,00,000.0 $28,98,000.0 $29,99,430.0 $31,04,410.1 $32,13,064.4 Total cash operating expenses $93,76,000.0 $97,91,680.0 $1,02,28,262.4 $1,06,86,828.2 $1,11,68,515.6 Depreciation $13,60,100.0 $13,60,100.0 $13,60,100.0 $13,60,100.0 $13,60,100.0 Total operating expenses $1,07,36,100.0 $1,11,51,780.0 $1,15,88,362.4 $1,20,46,928.2 $1,25,28,615.6 Operating income before taxes $3,10,63,900.0 $3,44,90,685.0 $3,82,49,786.2 $4,23,72,592.2 $4,68,93,419.2 Tax @30% $93,19,170.0 $1,03,47,205.5 $1,14,74,935.9 $1,27,11,777.7 $1,40,68,025.8 Operating income after taxes $2,17,44,730.0 $2,41,43,479.5 $2,67,74,850.3 $2,96,60,814.5 $3,28,25,393.5 After tax operating cash flow $2,31,04,830.0 $2,55,03,579.5 $2,81,34,950.3 $3,10,20,914.5 $3,41,85,493.5 Terminal year after tax non operating cash flow After tax salvage value $33,49,500 Return of net working capital $48,00,000 Initial investment -$8,90,80,000 Total after tax cash flow -$8,90,80,000 $2,31,04,830.0 $2,55,03,579.5 $2,81,34,950.3 $3,10,20,914.5 $4,23,34,993.5 Discount at 13.35% $1.0 $0.882 $0.778 $0.687 $0.606 $0.534 Present value of cash flows -$8,90,80,000.0 $2,03,83,617.1 $1,98,49,889.4 $1,93,18,863.7 $1,87,91,805.1 $2,26,25,171.2 NPV = $1, 18, 89,346.5 IRR = 18% (using the excel formula) Payback period Year Amount Cumulative value 0 -$8,90,80,000.0 -$8,90,80,000.0 1 $2,31,04,830.0 -$6,59,75,170.0 2 $2,55,03,579.5 -$4,04,71,590.5 3 $2,81,34,950.3 -$1,23,36,640.2 4 $3,10,20,914.5 $1,86,84,274.4 5 $4,23,34,993.5 $6,10,19,267.8 Payback period = 3+ (-$1,23,36,640.2 / $3,10,20,914.5) = 3.4 years Working Notes1. Initial Investment Land $1,16,50,000 Building $5,95,00,000 Machinery $1,01,50,000 Furnishing fittings $29,80,000 Increase in working capital $48,00,000 $8,90,80,000 2. Terminal value Salvage value $33,49,500 Book value $33,49,500 Profit on sale $0 Terminal value $33,49,500 3. Depreciation Machinery $1,01,50,000 Salvage value 33% $33,49,500 Depreciable value $68,00,500 Depreciation $13,60,100.00 The result of the analysis is given below: Particulars Plant A Plant B NPV $25,671,833 $11,889,346.5 Non-discounted payback 3.7 years 3.4 years IRR 20% 18% Plant A has a higher NPV and IRR while plant B has a better payback period. However, we will consider Plant A and decide on choosing Plant A for manufacturing the tablet computers because for mutually exclusive projects, the project with a higher NPV should be preferred over all other capital budgeting techniques. This is NPV is considered the best technique as it takes into account the time value of money unlike IRR and non discounted payback period. Also NPV considers all the future cash flows of the project unlike payback period. NPV is the excess of cash inflows over the cash outflows. Hence, higher the NPV, higher is the profitability of the project. Therefore the company should set up Plant A which is highly automated as it has a higher NPV. There were certain assumptions which were made while doing the analysis. The discount rate considered for discounting the future cash flows is the WACC used by the Computer Tablet industry. This is because the discount factor should be such that it incorporates the risk of the project, and since this project is related to the Computer Tablet industry, hence, it is better to take WACC of industry instead of the WACC of the company. The working capital is assumed to be recovered at the end of life of the project. The head office expenses have not been considered in the analysis because it is not an incremental expense and does not arise as a result of the project. 2.Capital budgeting is based on the estimation of the various inflows and outflows related to the project. The management of the company expects the project to deliver the required benefits in order to be profitable. The various types of risks that may be associated with the Project A (recommended) are discussed below: a) Stand alone risk this risk pertains only to the project in question and does not affect the other assets of the company. The risk is associated with the estimation of the future inflows outflows and is quantified by the amount of deviation of the actual inflows and outflows to the estimated one (Burja1, Burja2, 2009) b) Company risk the project is part of the company and hence it also poses risk for the company as a whole as to how the earnings of the company will be affected as a result of undertaking the project. Also the risk of the project may be diversified by the companys other assets. c) Market risk this risk is associated with the market conditions of the economy. The future estimations are based on the overall economic growth and the inflation rate, as given in this case also, so there is a risk that the economic conditions may change and as such all the estimations may go wrong resulting in negative effects for the project. Market risk also includes the change in demand of the tablet computers. The estimations are based on the current market scenario, however if the demand changes, risk of project failure increases. d) Industry specific risk this involves the legal and technological risk of the industry. Under legal risk, there might be a change in the government policies for the industry which may affect the companys earnings. Also a technological advancement may render the tablet computers outdated which would decrease its market demand. 3.Efficient capital market is a market where the prices of a security reflect the new information accurately and that too in real time. A market is said to be efficient if the share prices can fully incorporate and induct the information which includes the basic value of the share. The value of the share is the present value of all the future cash flows associated with the share. The cash flows are in the form of dividends and the selling price of the share in the end. Such efficient markets are said to exist in the real world due to the capital markets being more and more organized and with the transaction costs being very low and information being easily available to all participants, the markets are said to be efficient. The efficient market hypothesis assumes that no analyst or trader can profits from trading as the trading will push the prices of the shares to its real value and thus the shares will be accurately priced. Three forms of efficiency in capital markets are said to e xist which are weak form efficiency in which assumes that all the past activities and information of the stock is incorporated into its price and hence technical analysis is useless in this market form. Under semi strong form, the stock prices are assumed to reflect all publicly available information accurately. However, there exists scope for making abnormal gains by accessing private information available to the insiders of the company. Under strong form, the share prices reflect all information whether public or private and neither technical nor fundamental analysis is useful in this market form. The importance of efficiency of capital markets lies in two ways. First, if the investors can make excess profits by applying trading strategies and second if the stock price reflects all information accurately, the new capital goes to the investment which has it highest valued use (Jones, Netter, NA) Capital markets are used to raise funds by government for infrastructure projects and by private firms for growth and expansion (Marwa, 2016). The primary role of a capital market is allocation of the ownership of the capital stock of the economy. Therefore a capital market allows the firms to make investment decisions and the investors can choose from the various stocks available in the market which represent the firms activities. Also the investors assume that the prices of the stock fully reflect the available information (Fama, 2010). The shareholders of a company want the companys management to maximize the stock prices and thus will ensure the company invest in high valued investments which will increase the shareholder return. Thus if the stock market is efficient, the company can emphasize on investing in long term projects as the funds are easily available and also the prices of new share at which the investors are willing to invest are determine by the market and reflects t he value of the future cash flows of the project. Moreover, a company whose stocks have appreciated finds it easier to raise funds in a capital market because higher share prices means a small ownership of the company needs to be given to raise capital. Favourable economic conditions also make it easier to raise funds. Since the tablets computer industry is a hot industry, thus it will be easier for Equator Ltd. to raise funds in the capital market and that too at the correct prices. References: Burja1, C., Burja2, V., (2009), The Risk Analysis for Investments Projects Decision, Annales Universitatis Apulens Series Oeconomica, Vol.11, No.1 Fama, E.F., (2010), Efficient Capital Markets: A review of Theory and Empirical Work, The Journal of Finance, Vol.25, N0.2 Marwa, M., (2016), Market Data Review: The Role of Capital Markets in Financing Development, accessed online on 13th Feb, 2016, available at https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Business/The-role-of-capital-markets-in-financing-development/1840414-3445302-vd9vvi/index.html Jones, S.L, Netter, J.M., (NA), Efficient Capital Markets, accessed online on 13th February, 2017, available at, https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EfficientCapitalMarkets.html

Diversity And Mass Media Essays - Arabs, Middle East, North Africa

Diversity And Mass Media The question of weather the media's role in establishing racial and ethnic equality is not only very easy to answer but needs to be answered. People need to think of how important it is. People tend to under estimate this power and hate to admit that the media shapes our opinions about people. Most of us will not stand the idea that we stereotype and classify people, let alone that we do that involuntary based mainly on the media. The media's bias in America hasn't taken any specific direction in the con direction. It has just cared always about being pro white. Most of the different major minorities in the US have somehow been attacked at some point by the media. I can't think of an ethnic group that escaped that suppression. African Americans, Latinos, Arabs, Italians, Russians and lately the Chinese. Perhaps the only group that somehow ended up with a good positive image are the oriental people, however I don't see the origin of this stereotype originating from the media. That positive image is a sort of thing that goes around people seeing a lot of oriental people in nice cars, successful at jobs and school. Sure, the media have set a stereotype that each and every one of them is a martial art master, but still I think most of the real positive image is from the daily life not the mass media. Perhaps as an Arab, I can totally relate to what Shaheen has written in his article about the media's image of Arabs. Not only was I furious when I saw Arabs portrayed in movies as primitive, camel riding nomads, but I had always asked my self why? Although Shaheen is from the small minority Christian Arabs, his comments are valid for all Arabs.

Traditional Vs. Roth IRA Your Ultimate IRA Guide

Traditional Vs. Roth IRA Your Ultimate IRA Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips IRAs, or independent retirement accounts, are tax-advantaged savings accounts that help you save money for retirement. There are two main types, traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs, and they work in slightly different ways. This guide will tell you everything you need to know about traditional and Roth IRAs and help you decide which type of account is better for you. Before delving into the differences, let’s go over what you need to know about independent retirement accounts in general. What Is an IRA? An IRA is a type of savings account designed to help you save for retirement. IRAs offer a major tax advantage wherein your money is only ever taxed once. In a brokerage account, your money can be taxed twice. An IRA is made up of financial products like stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. The money you contribute will slowly grow over time as a result of annual compound interest. Typically, savings in IRAs grow at a rate of 5% to 7% each year. While this growth won’t look like much at first, it can add up significantly over the decades. If you start saving in your twenties rather than your thirties, you’ll see a huge difference in returns. When it comes to saving for retirement, you’re much better off the earlier you start. While you can start contributing to an IRA at any time, you must abide by an IRA contribution limit. Read on to find out how much money you can put each year into your IRA. By putting your money in a protected environment, it can grow significantly bigger over time. How Much Can You Contribute to an IRA? Whether you have a traditional IRA or Roth IRA, you can only contribute up to $5,500 per year. This was the IRA contribution limit for 2015 and 2016. It could change in years to come due to inflation. If you’re over 50 years old, then you can contribute $1,000 more for a yearly total of $6,500. This extra $1,000 added to the IRA contribution limits is considered a â€Å"catch up† contribution to help out those who didn’t max out their limits in earlier years. Most people contribute to their IRAs via automatic monthly payments. You can put in as much or as little as you like, but you’ll see the greatest long-term benefit by contributing up to the $5,500 limit. Now that you have a general sense of IRAs and how they help you save for retirement, let’s look closer at the differences between a traditional vs. a Roth IRA. People 50 and over can contribute an additional $1,000 per year to catch up as they round the bases toward retirement. Roth vs. Traditional IRA: How Are They Different? The major difference between a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA has to do with how your money is taxed. By learning about the different tax structure, you can figure out which one is more advantageous to you, depending on your age and financial profile. The second difference when you look at Roth vs. traditional IRA has to do with when you can withdraw money. Consider the tax and withdrawal rules for traditional IRAs, followed by the tax and withdrawal Roth IRA rules. Tax Advantages of a Traditional IRA Traditional IRAs allow your money to grow completely un-taxed until you take it out. You contribute pre-taxed money, which grows in your account until you withdraw. While your money is tax deductible when you contribute to a traditional IRA account, it’s taxed normally when you withdraw. You’ll pay all the taxes that you didn’t pay before, but you may find that you’re saving money on taxes overall. Why? You may be in a lower tax bracket when you retire than you were when you were working and contributing money to your IRA. Traditional IRA Withdrawal Rules When you contribute money to a traditional IRA, you can’t touch it until you’re 59  ½ without penalty. If you withdraw money before, then you’ll have to pay a hefty 10% penalty. It’s recommended that you take out about 4% of your savings per year during retirement. Some accounts also have required minimum withdrawals (RMDs) that compel you to take out a certain amount of money once you hit 70  ½. Even if you’re still working at age 70  ½, you’ll be required to start withdrawing money from your IRA. the amount of the RMD varies by individual and is calculated based on your account balance and age. When you contribute to a traditional IRA, your money is basically kept under lock and key until you’re 59  ½. Tax Advantages of a Roth IRA While traditional IRAs are taxed later, Roth IRAs are taxed now. In other words, you contribute money that’s already been taxed to a Roth IRA. You don’t get any tax breaks for your contributions, but you won’t have to pay any taxes when you withdraw. Basically, a Roth IRA works in the exact opposite way of a traditional IRA. You pay taxes when you contribute and not when you withdraw, whereas with a traditional IRA you pay taxes when you withdraw and not when you contribute. Roth IRA Withdrawal Rules Roth IRA rules are more flexible than those of traditional IRAs about when you can withdraw your money. You can take out money from a Roth IRA at any time without penalty as long as you’ve held the account for at least five years. Technically, you can only withdraw money you’ve contributed without penalty. You can’t touch any earnings on your contributions until you retire. Roth IRAs also don’t have any RMDs, so you’re not required to take out your money once you surpass a certain age. With a Roth IRA, you could withdraw all your funds after five years to buy that pleasure yacht you’ve had your eye on. But, you probably shouldn’t. Traditional IRA vs. Roth Ira- Which One Should You Choose? Given the difference between Roth IRA rules and traditional IRA rules, which account would be more beneficial to you? The answer to that question largely depends on your age and current tax bracket. Younger people typically benefit more from a Roth IRA. They have plenty of time for their money to grow until retirement, and they’re usually in a lower tax bracket than they will be in 10 or 20 years. If you’re in your twenties and your tax bracket is 20% or lower, then you’ll probably benefit from a Roth IRA. People who are older and/or in a high tax bracket will probably do better with a traditional IRA. They can contribute more money, since it’s not taxed, and pay taxes when they’re in a lower tax bracket after retirement. To see how tax brackets affect your savings in an IRA account, consider the chart below. If your tax rate is lower in retirement Traditional Roth Current tax rate 25% Tax rate in retirement 15% Annual investment $5,500 $5,500 After-tax value in retirement* $613,313 $598,444 *Based on moderate growth (around 8% annual return) over 30 years If your tax rate is higher in retirement Traditional Roth Current tax rate 25% Tax rate in retirement 33% Annual investment $5,500 $5,500 After-tax value in retirement* $505,593 $598,444 *Based on moderate growth (around 8% annual return) over 30 years If your tax rate goes down in retirement, then you’ll have more money from a traditional IRA. If your tax rate goes up, then you’ll end up with more savings from a Roth IRA. A secondary factor to consider when deciding between a traditional and Roth IRA is your financial self-control. As you read above, the two types of IRAs have different withdrawal rules. Will you be able to resist withdrawing money from a Roth IRA before retirement? Since there’s no penalty for withdrawing after five years, you’ll need to set limits on your spending so you don’t end up splurging on a luxury vacation to Fiji with your hard-earned money that was supposed to go toward retirement. If you don’t have clear cut answers to either of these considerations, then you might consider opening both types of IRAs. Choosing between a traditional IRA and Roth IRA requires that you consider the balance between your tax bracket and years until retirement. Can You Choose Both Types of IRAs? If you’re unsure which account is more advantageous to you, then you could consider setting up both a traditional and a Roth IRA. If you start to see real advantages to one over the other, then you could roll your money over to one account. Before opening both types, you should carefully consider the implications of taxes. If you opt for the Roth IRA, then you’ll have to pay taxes on any money that you roll over from a traditional IRA. This money would have otherwise grown untaxed until you withdrew it at age 59  ½. You should also note that opening both types of accounts won’t increase your yearly contribution limit. If you choose both types of IRAs, then the $5,500 limit applies to both. You can only contribute $5,500 collectively to your retirement savings accounts per year. Choosing both types of accounts is unnecessarily complicated for the majority of people. You should only do so if you’ve done some serious calculations and feel that it would be financially beneficial to you in the long term. For most of us, choosing one type of account based on our age and current tax bracket is the better way to go. Once you’ve chosen your type of IRA, how do you get about setting up an account? If you're having trouble deciding between types of IRAs, you could hedge your bets and open both. How to Set Up an IRA There are a number of IRA providers with whom you can set up an account. Most require a minimum investment up front, but some are a lot lower than others. When you set up an account, you can either set it on auto-pilot or take a hands-on approach to choosing your investments and designing your portfolio. Below are six recommendations for the best IRA providers, but first, let’s go over the factors you should consider when choosing an IRA provider. What to Look for When Choosing an IRA Provider The best IRA providers offer some or all of the following: Low account fees Low account minimums Good customer service and educational resources for new investors Low fees for trading stocks (this mostly applies to people looking to take an active approach to building their portfolio) If you fall in the majority of people who want someone else to manage their account, then you should look for a managed account or a target-date fund. In these types of account, you’ll pretty much only have to set your estimated date of retirement. A broker will do the rest. Now that you know what to look for in an IRA account and provider, check out the suggestions for the top six IRA providers. When choosing an IRA account, you should look for low account fees and low account minimums. Best IRA Providers for 2016 Based on the factors listed above, these six providers rose to the top for their low account fees, strong customer service, and other offerings. TD Ameritrade - popular provider with strong resources and support for new investor. TD Ameritrade doesn’t require any minimum balance, and it has a large selection of funds to choose from. One downside is that its trade commission fees are higher than usual at $9.99. TD Ameritrade, then, is a better choice for the new or hands-off investor, but not as popular among active traders. Vanguard - another popular low-cost provider with a $0 minimum balance. Vanguard is especially strong when it comes to target-date funds, where you set your date of retirement and don’t have to do much else. E*Trade - a provider with a large selection of funds and no account minimums. E*Trade stands out for its user-friendly website. Wealthfront - this provider manages accounts of up to $10,000 for no fee. Wealthfront, then, is good for the average investor who wants to take a hands-off approach. Betterment - like Wealthfront, Benefit is appealing to the hands-off investor. It tends to cater to people with large balances of $100k or more. Options House - best for active traders. Options House has a lower than average per trade fee of just $4.95. Once you’ve decided between a traditional and Roth IRA and chosen your provider, how do you open your account? When it comes to choosing an IRA provider, you've got options. Delicious, delicious options. How to Open an IRA Account Opening an IRA account is an easy, online sign-up process. Just head to the website of your chosen provider and fill out the IRA application. You’ll enter personal information, including your social security number and employment information. Most providers offer a different kinds of accounts, so you'll choose the one you want to open. Here's an example from TD Ameritrade's "Open New Account" page. Source: TD Ameritrade You’ll also indicate how you’ll fund the account, e.g., through automatic monthly transfer from your bank account. You can also transfer money from an existing IRA or 401k (an employer-sponsored retirement account). Depending on your funding choice, you may need your account and routing number or the account number of a separate account. The best way to make the most of your IRA is to deposit money on a monthly basis, to max out your annual contribution limit, and to start as early as you can. If you start saving in your twenties, then you could have a savings account with hundreds of thousands of dollars by the time you retire. In closing, let’s go over the key points you need to remember about IRAs. Opening your IRA account is the first step toward a secure retirement! Saving for Retirement in an IRA: Key Takeaways When it comes to saving for retirement, it’s never too early to start. Because your money grows in an IRA, you’ll see significantly more earnings the longer your money is invested in the account. IRA accounts are especially beneficial because of their tax advantages. Your money will only ever be taxed once, either when you withdraw it, as in a traditional IRA, or when you contribute it, as in a Roth IRA. Both accounts have advantages, and the one you choose should largely depend on your age and current tax bracket. While you should figure out which account will maximize your savings, in truth, you can’t go wrong with either. Both are tax-advantaged accounts that will help you save up money that you’ll rely on later in life. By opening and contributing to an IRA, you invest in your future and let your money work for you. What's Next? What is ROA, and how can looking at it provide you with helpful investment information? We discuss the meaning of ROA (return on assets) and how you can use it in this article. Not ready to open up an IRA but still looking for ways to save? Try the 365-day penny challenge!

Increasing Awarness of Andropause Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Increasing Awarness of Andropause - Article Example A. Vermeulan proposed in his article Andropause that Menopause is comparably a general issue which is associated with females’ hormonal deficiency in their middle age. On the other hand, Andropause is a similar health issue, which is associated with men’s hormonal deficiency. It is a general issue with aging men, which is often not identified. A research by Rabih A. Hijazi and Glenn R. Cunningham reflects that there is 30 percent of American men falling in the age group of 60 to 70 years, and 70 percent American men falling in the age group of 70 to 80 years, who are suffering from this particular health issue. The problem of Andropause can potentially cause several other significant health issues, in addition to psychological problems, which are often associated with it. It is pertinent to spread awareness regarding the issue of Andropause, by which severe potential risk factors associated with it can be reduced to a significant extent. In order to increase the awareness of Andropause among men, it is essential to explicate the problem along with its causes and symptoms followed by the possible diagnosis for Andropause. Andropause is a term that depicts a set of effects demonstrating their presence in few aging men, which are to some extent similar to women’s problem of Menopause. In Andropause, the production of sperm in the body along with the level of testosterone decreases. In the male body, muscle mass, facial hair, deep voices and the pattern of body hairs are dependent upon testosterone. Testosterone is a hormone which plays a significantly important role in the development of a male body. Andropause is highly associated with a decrease in the level of testosterone, which is a male hormone. An estimate (as mentioned by Robert S. Tan in his book The Andropause Mystery) proposes that the level of testosterone decreases in men after the age of thirty. This decrease is approximately 10 percent in each deca de after a man has crossed 30 years of age. This gradual decrease in the level of testosterone leads to the problem of Andropause in which a male encounters several physical and psychological issues which are often counted as symptoms of Andropause. There are several causes for Andropause in which the most common and significant is mentioned above, which is a deficiency in the level of testosterone in the male body. As Vermeulan describes, when a man ages, his body begins to produce a lower amount of testosterone. In addition, there is another hormone that acquires a significant amount of testosterone from the blood. This hormone is known as Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG). The level of testosterone gradually starts to decrease in the aging man, due to those two factors. The level of testosterone in the body, which is not being acquired by SHBG is known as bioavailable testosterone, which can be utilized by the body as the term demonstrates. Those men who are most likely to have the problem of Andropause possess a substantially lower amount of bioavailable testosterone in blood circulating in their bodies. Those tissues, which are stimulated by the level of testosterone, receive low quantity of it due to a lower level of testosterone in the blood. This phenomenon can potentially cause several physical as well as mental changes in the affected individual. As the biological cause of Andropause has been explicated, there are several symptoms by which an individual can be diagnosed as having the problem of An

Str Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Str - Essay Example Trends in the alcohol market Because Pernod Ricard produces many branded products, it is necessary to focus only on the alcohol industry which makes up the majority of their business success and market share against competition. As the business extended into more foreign markets, as identified by the case study, Pernod Ricard required a new structure philosophy to ensure that the business could operate effectively and competitively against large-scale alcohol producers. This required a decentralisation strategy in order to create an environment where sub-units of the company were empowered to act as their own consultant businesses. Taking ownership of individual development with a cross-functional ability to inter-link independent, self-managed divisions was in response to labour-based trends for productivity and support as well as producing a world-class business capable of revenue growth. Heavier emphasis on branding as identified in the case leads to the logical conclusion that th is business relies on marketing and operations in response to consumer trends. A detailed PESTEL analysis identified key competitive or non-competitive activities at the social level that impact consumer buying perception about consumer products. Heineken, a brand operating in the adult liquor markets internationally, refocused its previous position on quality as a competitive tool and adopted new packaging concepts to gain consumer interest, such as the mini-keg bottling format (Beverage World 2009). Even though this is not a direct competitor, the beer brand experienced a 100 percent increase in sales whilst other companies that did not restructure packaging experienced only a dismal 1.7 percent increase in sales volume (Beverage World). This is driven by consumer sentiment and their current buying trends that makes advertising through innovation a success factor for alcoholic beverage producers. However, this is problematic for Pernod Ricard due to the high regulatory influence t hat exists in foreign and/or domestic markets regarding the responsible use of advertising that depicts alcoholic products. â€Å"The Group (PR) has signed several voluntary self-regulation codes, which impose restrictions on the advertising of and promotions for alcoholic beverages† (pernod-ricard.com, 2010, p.3). The business recognises not only the restrictions placed on advertising, a key success factor for many of today’s businesses in multi-national markets, and places an emphasis on voluntary corporate social responsibility. Similar CSR efforts as an adaptation to existing business strategy has been identified in Anheuser-Busch, a leading alcoholic beverage producer, that â€Å"takes its role seriously†¦(and) has long invested in the communities where (they) live and work† (anheuser-busch.com, 2007, p.3). The efforts undertaken by this non-competitive entity only reinforces that business must restructure and change their strategic focus in order to r emain in control and flexible to meet key trends that impact buying behaviour. Like any other business, it is often in a servant position due to economic trends that affect customer disposable income and their product preferences. The technological

Positive Working Environments for Children

Positive Working Environments for Children Introduction â€Å"To be included is to experience belonging.† Lancashire County Council (2010) The aim of this assignment is to explain and examine how the staff within a setting ensures a positive working environment for the child. The practitioner will demonstrate an up to date and working knowledge of principles, policies and practices of inclusion. The practitioner will also discuss how parents and multi-agency team’s maybe involved in meeting the particular learning needs and care needs of a child through the implementation of a case study. And also review how new legislation such as Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 and The Children and Families Act 2014 have resulted from the term ‘inclusion’. According to Lancashire County Council (2010), children are included when they attend a mainstream setting and have complete access to its social and academic life. In becoming more inclusive, schools should meet a greater diversity of needs. Some children may have an identified Special Educational Needs (SEN), whilst others maybe gifted, a child who has English as an additional language or a child with behavioural difficulties. All these children will experience barriers when it comes to learning; therefore we describe such children as having additional needs. All settings should make arrangements to meet the individual needs of all their children, before considering whether some children need arrangements that are additional to or different from their usual practice. All settings should be following good practice guidelines and be providing a differentiated approach for all children. â€Å"Differentiation â€Å"means altering and adapting the way activities are presented to children to enable them to access them and make progress. Settings should offer a range of resources to match different levels of ability, use staff flexibility to give children one to one or small group activities or individual attention and ensure that members of staff has time to plan and prepare activities. Staff should also look at how their setting is organised, are children expected to sit and listen for longer than is appropriate for their age and stage of development? Do children know the structure of the session? , does the setting have clearly defined area s for activities? All these issues can be addressed by adding visual cues for the defined areas and structure of the session. this can make such a difference to the children with speech and language development and for children with English as an additional language as these visual prompts will help the child to learn what is coming next and what is happening in that specific area. â€Å"Every child deserves the best possible start in life, and support to fulfil their potential† DFES (2008) According to the DFES (2008) a child’s experience in the early years has a major impact on their future life chances. Practitioners should focus on each child’s individual learning. All Early years providers must have and implement an effective policy for ensuring equality of opportunities and for supporting children with additional needs, learning difficulties and disabilities. Working effectively in partnership with parents is a crucial part of the early years work. Parents frequently feel that their parenting skills will be judged according to how their child is getting on. Even the most confident and assertive parents can feel very vulnerable and ignorant when it comes to inclusion. â€Å"Parents are the children’s first and most enduring educators. When parents and practitioners work together in early year’s settings, the results have positive impact on the child’s development and learning. Therefore, each setting should seek to develop an effective partnership with parents.† (QCA 2000 page 19) When a parent is told that their child might have an additional need the parents might endure a number of feelings for example, guilt – what have they done wrong? Denial- his brother was just the same and he’s fine now, Anger- who do they think they are giving me this information? Worry- I don’t want my child being treated differently from any other children. Recognizing and accepting that their child is experiencing difficulties can take time but as a practitioner it is important to support this process by taking the time and effort to build up a good relationship with the parents, have an honest and open approach, avoid using language that the parent might not understand or find distressing. It is important to remember that a parent has a lot of valuable information about a child and as a practitioner there aim should be to build a trusting relationship with the parent/carer and to keep the parent fully informed and included in any processes following the initi al discussion. In March 2011, the government published the SEN and disability green paper which proposed a new approach to special educational needs and disability .they intended to develop a radically different system that will support better life outcomes for young people. Any legislation changes were to be taken forward from May 2012. The green paper offered a visual representation of the main themes of the recommendations put forward by the government in the form of a ‘word cloud’.in the illustration below, the larger the word ,the more heavily it featured in the green paper. Although the modern SEN started in the early 1980s, the current framework emerged in the 1990s with the education act 1993/1996 and the issue of the SEN code of practise (as revised in 2001). The code of practice as become the bible of SEN for anyone involved for anyone involved with children with an SEN. The new SEN code of practice 0-25 years (2014) has evolved from many criticisms of the older publications. Parliaments own education and skills committee said in 2006 that the system was â€Å"not fit for purpose†, and many people felt that getting children and young people the correct provision had become a â€Å"fight† between parents and the local authorities, with schools and nurseries often caught in the middle. Parents also perceived that local authorities had a conflict of interest as they both assessed need and made provision. There was also a criticism of the SEN system and particularly of statements in an Ofsted report in 2010 entitled a† a statement is not enough† Five separate inquiries conducted about SEN/disability issued between 2006 and 2010 made other criticisms. After a change of government in 2010 a call for views of the SEN Green paper in 2011 promised the biggest reform in SEN in 30 years. A subsequent SEN Green paper has become The Children and Families Act 2014 and a completely new SEN code of practice has now been issued coming into law in September 2014. Main body Child A is 35 months old; he lives with his mum and dad and is an only child. His mum and dad both work full time so child A spends a lot of time with his grandparents. He lives on a local council estate 3 miles away from the setting and this is his first setting that he has attended which he started in September 2014.Child A has an identified speech and language difficulty which has been identified through observations and assessments by the practitioner and the settings SENCO. The child’s parents have also identified the speech and language difficulty and have a scheduled meeting with the settings SENCO. DFES (2008) suggests that the development and use of speech, language and communication are very imperative in young children’s learning. Much teaching is delivered verbally; and children need good communication skills to make friends. Children’s future achievements are reliant on their capability to communicate effectively. It is essential for us, practitioners to ensure that we do everything we can to support child A in becoming a skilful and capable communicator. As well as making use of spoken language effective communication is also non-verbal. Eye contact, body posture, gesture, facial expressions displaying interest/surprise/boredom can be just as expressive as words. If children arrive in the classroom without the ability to communicate effectively, then they will be disadvantaged from the outset. A number of reasons are given for the decline in early communication skills, forward facing buggies may hinder a childs speech development as it is difficult to push and talk to a child whilst the child is facing away from you , it is impossible to have any eye contact and engage in running commentary of sights, sounds and smells. New technology is also another factor in a child’s speech delay, mobile phones and listening to music with headphones isolate a parent in their own world , leaving a child to become isolated in theirs..Tallent et al(2011). It is my job as child A’s key person is to identify these key issues and educate the child and the parents on opportunities for communication .ways in which I can do this is describe the stage child A’s speech and language and communication development has reached, track their progress (as shown in appendices 1) and identify issues as they arise. I encourage and interact with child A and also plan and implement activities that meet the level of his language development (as shown in appendices 2). I have the responsibility as child A’s key person to provide additional support for child A and to give the child my full attention when child A is talking and to ask open ended questions to encourage the child’s speech development. Skinner the behaviourist therapist suggested that children learn language through reinforcement. In other words, when we show enthusiasm for something that the child is trying to say, this should encourage child A to repeat the utteran ce. It is also essential that i provide the correct support for the child by adapting activities such as adding visual aids, adding visual aids around the room in the defined areas and offering the child visual aids in form of choices, and provide the child with prompts to indicate a response or request. This will help the child communicate effectively and give the child the same opportunities. I identified that child A had a speech and language difficulty whilst tracking his progress child A was at the developmental age of 16-26 months I observed and assessed the child over the next few months in accordance with the graduated approach outlined in the SEN code of practice 2014 and when no progress was being made I took the evidence to the settings SENCO as outlined in the graduated approach shown in the illustration below. In my settings inclusion policy reviewed in 2014(as shown in appendices 3) it states that the setting will encourage children to thrive and to recognise and appreciate their differences and so fulfil their unique potential. It also states that the settings objective is to help parents with children and their families to take part in the nursery and their community and will do this by working with partner agencies and the local community to eliminate the causes of social inclusion and make our services available to all. This includes facilitating, assisting, supporting and valuing each child in pursuit of this aim. As a practitioner following the above graduated response will help the child to reach their full potential. And allow the families access to the partner agencies such as a speech and language therapist. According to DFES (2008) parents need to work in partnership with the setting and support their communication within the home, with their family and in the wider world. These situations are very different from those provided by the setting. For that reason I as child A’s key person must work with the parents in partnership. I should plan regular opportunities to discuss child A’s level of development with his parents. Information should be relayed between me and the parents such as rhymes that child A likes in the setting so these can be repeated at home. The settings single equality policy is derived from The Equality Act which first came into force in October 2010. The equality act states that, public organisations including schools have to take action to make things equal for the people who work for them and use their services. This is called the Single Public Sector Equality Duty. My setting is committed to taking positive action based on the equality act and to make sure staffs are aware of the law and how to put it in to practice. My setting has a professional and dedicated, multi skilled, highly qualified and diverse team of staff who have lots of experience of working in a diverse setting within a diverse community. All these professionals such as practitioners, family support , the setting SENCO and other outside professionals such as health visitors and speech and language therapists will work together to ensure that child A will get the support that he needs. This support will come in the form of regular reviews and meetings with the setting SENCO and key person and additional support in the form of family support services and speech and language referrals may also be offered to child A’s parents..

Defining Race and Ethnicity Essay

The use of the terms â€Å"race† and â€Å"ethnicity† is varied. The two terms are misused as if they are identical. The casual and common appearance of the terms side by side in the public discourse may discourage people from regarding them as distinct terms. Race is based on the premise of biological and physical differences. the concept of ‘race’ included any essential zing of groups of people which held them to display inherent, heritable, persistent or predictive characteristics, and which thus had a biological or quasi-biological basis. Ethnicity is an embodiment of values, institutions, and patterns of behavior, a composite whole representing a people’s historical experience, aspirations, and worldview. Ethnic classification, either externally imposed or intrinsically engendered, often defines people’s membership to a group. Aside from social constructs, ethnicity is innately more central to human experience and identity than race. I do not believe that these concepts should be important to society. Racial and ethnic categories are neither fixed across societies nor within a society. Racial and ethnic categories are fluid and changing depending on the socio-political context of a society at any given time. Ethnic and racial differences do not inherently lead to conflict. Instead, these differences can take on a social meaning of hierarchy leading to conflict when divided groups fail to negotiate. In such cases, the imbalance of power, not the racial or ethnic differences per se, is the underlying cause of the conflict. In each of these cases, it is critical that the topic of race and ethnicity receives continual examination. The ideology and myth of racial and ethnic differences cannot be validated to support or legitimate superiority, privilege, or conflict as has often been the case in both historical and global contexts.

The Sequence of and the Rate of Development Why Is It Important to Understand This Difference

Samantha Larvin CPY 3. 1 – Understanding child and young person’s development. Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 years. NEW BORN BABY Physical – The first few days of a baby’s life are usually composed of long periods of sleep interspersed with short periods when the baby is awake. The duration of wakefulness lengthens gradually and includes periods of fretfulness, crying and calmness. The responsiveness of the baby depends on the state of sleep or wakefulness (Brazelton and Nugent 1995). At birth the arms and legs are characterisitically stiff (hypertonia) and the trunk and neck floppy (hypotonia). Lying on the back (supine) the arms and legs are kept semiflexed and the posture is symmetrical. Babies born after breech presentation usually keep their legs extended. Pulled to sitting, marked head lag is present. Held in a sitting position, the back is curved and the head falls forward. Placed on the abdonmen (prone) the head is promptly turned sideways. The buttocks are humped up, with the knees tucked under the abdonmen. The arms are close to the chest with the elbows fully flexed. Moro Reflex – Is in born, not learnt. It is normally present in new born baby’s to the age of 3 months. When the baby feels it is falling, the arms are flung back with the hands open, the arms are then together as if to clutch hold of something. Palmer grasp – A reflex in new born baby’s to 6 months. If you touch the palm of a baby’s hand, it’s reaction is to curl it’s fingers around your finger and cling to it. Planter – The reflex in the foot, when you stroke the sole of the baby’s foot. Toes spread out and foot turns inwards, up to the age of 12 months. Communication – Within a few days of birth, infants establish interaction with their carers through eye contact, spontaneous or imitative facial gestures and modulation of their sleep-wakefulness state. Intellectual/Cognitive – Babies are sensitive to light and sound at birth through visual responsiveness varies at birth. From birth onwards, or within a few days, infants turn their eyes towards a large and diffuse source of light and close their eyes to sudden bright light. An object or face must be brought to a distance of 30 centimetres to obtain interest and fixation. Infants usually turn their eyes to slowly follow a face. Social, emotional and behavioural – Patterns of interaction and subtle indications of individuality shown by babies from birth onwards strengthen the emotional ties between infants and their carers. 3 MONTH OLD Physical – Lying on back, prefers to lie with head in midline. Limbs more pliable, movements smoother and more continuous. Waves arms symmetrically, hands loosely open. Brings hands together in midline over chest or chin. Kicks vigorously, legs alternating or occasionally together. When pulled to sit, little or no head lag. Held sitting, back is straight except in lumbar region. Head held erect and steady for several seconds before bobbing forwards. Needs support at shoulders when being bathed and dressed. Lying on abdomen, lifts head and upper chest well up in midline, using forearms to support and often actively scratching at surface with hands, with buttocks flat. Held standing with feet on hard surface, sags at knees. Visually very alert, particularly looking at nearby human face. Moves head deliberately to gaze attentively around. Follows adults movements within their visual outlook. Follows dangling toy at 15-25 centimeters from face through half circle horizontally from side to side and usually also vertically from chest to brow. When lying supine watches movements of own hands before face and engages in finger play, opening and closing hands and pressing palms of hands together. Reaches out to grasp with both hands by 16-18 weeks of age. May move head from side to side as if searching for sound source. Quietens to sound of rattle or small bell rung gently out of sight. Communication – Cries when uncomfortable or annoyed. Often sucks or licks lips in response to sounds of preparation for feeding. Shows excitement at sound of approaching voices, footsteps, running bathwater etc. Vocalises delightedly when spoken to or pleased, also when alone. Vocalisations are integrated with smiles, eye contact and hand gestures during turn taking exchanges or ‘protoconversations’. Intellectual/Cognitive – Holds rattle for a few movements when placed in hand, may move towards face, sometimes bashing chin. Babies are starting to learn how to distinguish between faces and show obvious pleasure when they see a familiar face. Social, emotional and behavioural – Fixes eyes unblinkingly on parent’s or carer’s face when feeding, with contented purposeful gaze. Eager anticipation of breast or bottle feed. Beginning to show reactions to familiar situations by smiling, cooing and excited movements. Enjoys bathing and caring routines. Responds with obvious pleasure to friendly handling, especially when accompanied by playful tickling, child-friendly speech and singing. 6 MONTH OLD Physical –Lying on back, raises head up and moves arms up to be lifted. When hands grasped, braces shoulders and pulls self to sitting. Sits with support with head and back straight and turns head from side to side to look around. Can roll over from front to back (prone to supine) around 5 – 6 months and usually from back to front (supine to prone) a little later at around 6-7 months (Bly 1994). Placed on abdomen, lifts head and chest well up, supporting self on extended arms and flattened palms. Bears weight on feet and bounces up and down actively when held in supported standing with feet touching hard surface. Eye colour is established. Teeth may appear. Moves head and eyes eagerly in every direction when attention is distracted. Eyes move in unison. Follows peoples activities across room with purposeful alertness Communication – Vocalises tunefully to self and others, using sing song vowel sounds or single and double syllables i. e ‘a-a’ ‘goo’. Laughs, chuckles and squeals aloud in play. Screams with annoyance. Shows recognition of carer’s facial expressions such as happy or fearful and responds selectively to emotional tones of voice. Intellectual/Cognitive – Immediately stares at interesting small objects or toys within 15 – 30 centimetres. Shows awareness of depth. Stretches out both hands simultaneously to grasp, adjusts arm and hand posture to orientation of the object. Uses whole hand to palmer grasp and passes toy from one hand to another. Drops one object if another is on offer. Listens to voice, even if adult not in view. Turns to source when hears sound at ear level. Social, emotional and behavioural – Shows a happy response to rough and tumble play. Reacts enthusiastically to often repeated games. Shows anticipation responses if carer pauses before high points in nursery rhymes and other action songs. When offered a rattle, reaches for it immediately and shakes deliberately to make a sound, often regarding it closely at the same time. Still friendly with strangers but sometimes shows some shyness or even slight anxiety when approached too nearly or abruptly, especially if familiar adult is out of sight. Moral – 9 MONTH OLD Physical – Pulls self to sitting position. Sits unsupported on the floor and can adjust body posture when leaning forward to pick up and manipulate a toy without losing balance. Can turn body to look sideways while stretching out to pick up toy from floor. Progresses on floor by rolling, wriggling on abdomen or crawling. Pulls to standing, holding on to support for a few moments but cannot lower self and falls backwards with a bump. Held standing, steps purposefully on alternate feet. Only needs a bit of support when sitting on parent’s or carers lap and being dressed. When being carried by an adult supports self in upright position and turns head to look around. Can reach and grab a moving object by moving towards the anticipated position of the moving object. Picks up small object between finger and thumb with ‘inferior’ pincer grasp. Enjoys casting objects over the side of cot or chair. Communication – Shouts to attract attention, listens then shouts again. Babbles loudly and tunefully in long repetitive strings of syllables e. ‘dad-dad ‘mum-mum’. Responds when name is called. Understands ‘no’ and ‘bye bye’. Reacts to where’s mummy/daddy? by looking around. Intellectual/Cognitive – Shows understanding of things that are usually connected, e. g plays with cause and effect toys and pulls on a string to get the connected toy (c asual understanding). Looks in correct direction for falling or fallen toys (permanence of object) – the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched. Jean Piaget argued that this was one of an infant’s most important accomplishments. At 9 months the baby forms multiple attachments as they become increasingly independent, becoming clingy and look for their primary carer. Bowlby (1969) believed attachment is characterised by specific behaviours in children, such as seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened. Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emmerson (1964) discovered that baby’s attachments develop in stages. Social, emotional and behavioural – Throws body back and stiffens in annoyance or resistance, usually protesting vocally at same time. Clearly distinguishers strangers from familiars and requires reassurances before accepting their advances, lings to known person and hides face. Still takes everything to mouth. Plays ‘peek-a-boo’ and imitates hand clapping. Offers food to familiar people and animals. Grasps toys in hand and offers to adult but cannot yet give into adult’s hand. Puts hands on breast or around bottle or cup when drinking, tries to grasp spoo n when being fed, enjoys babbling with a mouthful of food. AGE 12 MONTHS Physical – Sits on floor for indefinite time. Can rise to sitting position from lying down with ease. Crawls on hands and knees, shuffles on buttocks or ‘bearwalks’ rapidly about the floor. May crawl upstairs. Pulls to standing and sits down again, holding onto furniture. Walks around furniture lifting one foot and stepping sideways. May stand alone for a few moments. Walks forwards and sideways with one or both hands held. May walk alone. Fine Motor skills – has a mature grasp, picks up small objects with neat pincer grasp between thumb and tip of index finger. By 13 months reaching and grasping become co-ordinated into one smooth action e. g closing of hand starts during approach and well before touching the object. Communication – Babbles loudly and incessantly in ‘jargon’. Shows by behaviour that some words are understood in usual context i. e car, drink, cat. Understands simple instructions with a gesture, such as ‘come to mummy’. Will follow the gaze of an adult (joint visual attention). Points to objects and then looks back to the adult for a reaction, for the purposes of requesting or eliciting a comment from the adult (Tomasello 1995). Intellectual/Cognitive – Drops and throws toys forwards deliberately and watches them fall to ground. Looks in correct place for toys which fall out of sight. Points with index finger at objects of interest. Uses both hands freely but may show preference for one. Holds two toy bricks, one in each hand with tripod grasp, and bangs together to make noise. Locates sounds from any direction well. Immediately responds to own name. Will put objects in and out of cup or box when shown. Plays ‘pat-a-cake’ and waves ‘good-bye’. Demonstrates understanding by use of objects, e. g hair brush (definition by use). Social, emotional and behavioural – Takes objects to mouth less often. Very little, if any, drooling of saliva. Likes to be insight and hearing of familiar people. Demonostrates affection to familiars. Enjoys joint play with adults, actively switching attention between objects and adult (co-ordinated joint attention). Shows recognition of familiar tunes by trying to join in. 18 MONTHS Physical – Walks well with feet only slightly apart, starts and stops safely. Runs carefully, head held erect in midline, eyes fixed on ground 1-2 metres ahead but finds difficulty in negotiating obstacles. Pushes and pulls large toys or boxes along the floor. Enjoys climbing and will climb forwards into adults chair, then turn around and sit. Walks upstairs with helping hand and sometimes downstairs. Kneels upright on flat surface without support. Flexes knees and hips in squatting position to pick up toy from floor and rises to feet using hands as support. Communication – Chatters continually to self during play, with conversational intonation and emotional inflections. Listens and responds to spoken communications addressed directly to self. Uses between six and twenty recognisable words and understands many more. Echoes prominent or last word in short sentences addressed to self. Hands familiar objects to adult when requested (even if more than one option available). Obeys simple instructions, i. shut the door, get your shoes. Beginning to give notice of urgent toilet needs by restlessness and vocalisation. Bowel control may be attained but very variable, may indicate wet or soiled pants. Intellectual/Cognitive – Picks up small objects immediately on sight with delicate pincer grasp. Recognises familiar people at a distance and points to distant interesting objec ts when outdoors. Enjoys simple picture books, often recognising and putting index finger on boldly cooured items on page. Turns several pages at a time. Holds pencil in mid or upper shaft in whole hand in a pronated grip. Spontaneous to and fro scribble and dots, using either hand alone or sometimes with pencils in both hands. Builds tower of three cubes after demonstration and sometimes spontaneously. Enjoys putting small objects in and out of containers and learning the relative size of objects. Beginning to show preference for using one hand. Assists with dressing and undressing, taking off shoes, socks and hat. Social, emotional and behavioural – Explores environment energetically and with increasing understanding, no sense of danger. No longer takes toys to mouth. Treats dolls and teddies as baby’s, ie hugging, feeding etc. Still casts objects to floor in play or anger, but less often and seldom troubles visually to verify arrival on target. Exchanges toys, both co-operatively and in conflict with peers. 2 YEAR OLD Physical – Runs safely on whole foot, stopping and starting with ease and avoiding obstacles. Squats with complete steadiness to rest or to play with an object on the ground and rises to feet without using hands. Pushes and pulls large wheeled toys easily forward and usually able to walk backwards pulling handle. Pulls small wheeled toy by chord with obvious appreciation of direction. Climbs on furniture to look out of window or to open doors and can get down again. Walks upstairs and downstairs holding onto rail or wall, two feet to a step. Communication – Uses fifty or more recognisable words appropriately and understands many more. Puts two or more words together to form simple sentences. Can understand verbal instructions and react to them and begins to listen with obvious interest to general conversation. Knows and uses their own name and talks to self continually during play but may be not understood to others. Constantly asks names of objects and people, joins in nursery rhymes and action songs. Can carry out simple instructions i. e ‘go and get your teddy and put it in the bag’. Intellectual/Cognitive – Shows increasing understanding of size of self in relation to size and position of objects in the environment and to enclosed spaces such as a cupboard or cardboard box. Good manipulative skills; picks up tiny objects accurately and quickly and places down neatly with increasing skill. Can match square, circular and triangular shapes in a simple jigsaw. Holds a pencil down near towards the point, using thumb and first two fingers, mostly uses preferred hand. Builds tower of six or seven cubes. Enjoys picture books, recognising fine details in favourite pictures. Turns pages singly. Can name and match pictures with toys or with other pictures. Social, emotional and behaviour – Follows parent/carer around the house and copies domestic activities in simultaneous play i. e hoovering. Extremely curious about environment, turns door handles and often runs outside without thought of common dangers. Constantly demanding parent/carer’s attention. Clings tightly in affection, fatigue or fear although resistive and rebellious when stopping them doing something they enjoy. Tantrums when frustrated or in trying to make self understood, but attention is usually readily distracted. Defends own possessions with determination. Resentful of attention shown to other children particularly by own familiars. Moral – May take turns but as yet little idea of sharing either toys or attention. AGE 3 – 7 YEARS Physical – At this stage, children will be able to carry out more co-ordinated movements e. g walking up and down stairs, moves rhythmically to music, grips strongly with either hand, throws and catches a ball well. They will be refining their skills developed so far and will have more control over fine motor skills such as writing, cutting and drawing. Children will be more confident in activities such as running, hopping and kicking a ball and using larger equipment. Throughout this time children should be out of nappies and toilet trained for both day and night. Communication – Speech becomes fluent, loves to be read and told stories. Gives full name, age and birthday. Delights in reciting or singing rhymes and jingles, enjoys jokes and riddles. As children become more social and have wider experiences, they start to use an increasing number of familiar phrases and expressions. They will also ask large numbers of questions and will be able to talk about things in the past and future tenses with greater confidence. Defines concrete nouns by use. Shows sense of humour in talk and social activities. Intellectual/Cognitive – This will be a period of development in which children are becoming skilled at aspects of number and writing, as well as continuing to learn about their world, they will still be looking for adult approval and learning to read. Throws and catches a ball well, plays all varieties of ball games with considerable ability, including those requiring appropriate placement or scoring according to accepted rules. Builds elaborate models when shown, holds cubes with the ulnar fingers tucked in and the hand diagonal to get a better view. Can cut a strip of paper neatly using scissors, can colour pictures neatly, staying within outlines. Can use knife and fork competently. Becomes competent in riding first a tricycle, pushing the feet along the floor and then moving onto a bike with stabilisers, and finally learning to ride a bike without stabilisers. Social, emotional and behavioural – Children will be developing their own identities and will be starting to play with their peers and socialise using imaginative play. This will help them to develop their concept of different roles in their lives. It is important that they are able to learn the importance of boundaries and why they are necessary. They will also respond well to being given responsibility i. e class helpers, dinner money monitors and fruit monitors and will need adult approval. Chooses own friends, can play co-operatively with peers most of the time and understands the need for rules and fair play. Appreciates meaning of time in relation to daily programme. Moral – Shows concern for younger siblings and sympathy for playmates in distress. Understands taking turns as well as sharing. Children should have understanding of respecting each other and adults alike and understand boundaries and rules. AGE 7 TO 11 Physical – Children between this age group enjoy participating in many sports, i. e playing football, being part of a football team in and out of school, going swimming, dancing, gymnastics etc. Communication – By this stage most children will be fluent speakers of a language and will be developing and refining their skills of reading and writing. Their language skills will enable them to think about and discuss their ideas and learning in more abstract terms. Intellectual/Cognitive – Children start to develop ideas about activities they enjoy, they will still be influenced by adults and are becoming fluent in reading and writing skills. They will be developing their own thoughts and preferences and will be able to transfer information and think in a more abstract way. Social, emotional and behavioural – Children’s friendships will become more settled and they will have groups of friends. There is some evidence to suggest that boys friendships are likely to be group based while girls prefer closer but fewer friendships. They will need to have the chance to solve problems and carry out activities which require more independence. They will still need praise and encouragement and will become more aware of what others may think of them. Moral – AGE 12 TO 16 YEARS Physical – Behaviour in this age range is complex. Children physically are changing and hormones might be affecting their moods. In addition, young people will be making the transition from dependence on family to independence. Communication – Young people should be encouraged to talk and negotiate their own boundaries, and be encouraged to be independent. Intellectual/Cognitive – Young people will usually now have a clear idea about their favourite subjects or activities and will usually be motivated in these areas. They will be reflecting on their achievements and choosing their learning pathway. They may lack confidence or avoid situations in which they have to do less popular subjects, to the extent they may truant. Social, emotional and behavioural – At this stage the self esteem of children and young people can be very vulnerable, their bodies will be taking on the outer signs of adulthood but they will still need guidance in many different ways, they will want to be independent of adults and spend more time with friends of their own age, but can continue to display childish behaviour. It is particularly important to teenagers that they feel good about themselves and want to belong. Moral – They can find that they are under the pressures of growing up and have increasing expectations and may be unsure on how to behave in different situations. Young people can find themselves caught between wanting to remain in a group but not wanting to adopt the group’s values and behaviour. AGE 16 TO 19 YEARS Physical – Communication – Intellectual/cognitive – By the time they come to leave school young people will be thinking about career choices based on the pathway and subjects they have selected they will be able to focus on their areas of strength and look forward to continue to develop these as they move on. Social, emotional and behavioural – Children enter adulthood will still sometimes need advice and guidance from other adults. They will lack experience and individuals will vary in emotional maturity and the way in which they interact with others. Moral – B. Explain the difference between: The sequence of and the rate of development: Each child is unique and will develop at their own rate, while they usually follow the same pattern of development the ages at which they reach them may vary. Milestones of development are given as a broad average of when children may be expected to attain a particular stage. You may notice in particular classes or year groups, some children may stand out as they have reached milestones earlier or later than other children. Sometimes if children’s growth patterns are very different from their peers this may have an effect on their behaviour. For example children in the last two years of primary school may become taller and develop some of the first signs of puberty. Girls in particular can become much taller than boys and this can put pressure on them to behave differently. There may need to be additional provision made in these cases for example when getting changed to PE there may also be pupils who are very tall or very small for their age and this can sometimes affect how they are treated by their peers. It can also affect social and emotional development. The patterns of development discussed here should therefore be seen as a guide to help you draw up an overall idea of these different stages. Why is it important to understand this difference: